LKnative – Equipment & techniques

Probes

Basic UGRA can be performed solely with a high-frequency linear probe

Advanced UGRA requires high-frequency linear as well as low-frequency curved array probes

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Electrical nerve stimulation

Basic UGRA can be performed only with ultrasound without supplemental electrical nerve stimulation (ENS) technique

Advanced UGRA requires a combination of ultrasound and ENS for various blocks

ENS is obsolete for most blocks for the purpose of nerve localisation; however, sometimes peripheral nerves are not visible with ultrasound and ENS can be useful in order to confirm nerve identity

Generally, the main purpose of ENS is a safeguard in order to assist avoiding accidental piercing of peripheral nerves and intraneural injection