Video clips showing examples of pericardial effusion obtained in the parasternal short axis view

Notice:

– PSAX views
– Pericardial fluid collection (white arrows)

Compression of the right-sided cavities in diastole is not obvious in these video clips

Short axis view showing hypertrophic LV with preserved LV function

Notice:

– Myocardial wall thickness is increased
– LV dimensions are decreased

Long axis view showing a hypertrophic left ventricle

Notice:

– Myocardial wall thickness is increased
– LV dimensions are often decreased
– Left atrium is often enlarged
– LV function is variable

Image C shows severely reduced LV dysfunction

Subcostal 4 chamber view showing hypertrophic LV with preserved LV function

Notice:

– Myocardial wall thickness is increased
– LV dimensions are often decreased

Apical 4 chamber view showing a hypertrophic left ventricle

Notice:

– Myocardial wall thickness is increased
– LV dimensions are often decreased
– Left atrium is often enlarged
– LV function is variable

Image C shows severe reduced LV function

The arrows in image D point to concomitant pericardial effusion

– LV is enlarged
– LA is enlarged
– Anterior mitral leaflet opening is compromised; MSS increased
– The myocardial wall may appear thin
– Reduced contractility
– MAPSE is reduced

– LV is enlarged
– LA is enlarged
– Anterior mitral leaflet opening is compromised; MSS increased
– The myocardial wall may appear thin
– Reduced contractility

Consider hypertrophic LV diastolic dysfunction when the following is present:

– Aortic valve stenosis
– Arterial hypertension
– LV-outflow tract obstruction
– Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
– Myocardial deposit disease

Hypertrophic left ventricle

2D echocardiographic characteristics:

– Myocardial wall thickness is increased
– LV dimensions are decreased
– LA is often enlarged
– MAPSE is often slightly reduced

Consider dilated and poor functioning left ventricle

Particularly with the following conditions:

– Ischaemic heart disease
– Dilated cardiomyopathy
– Sepsis
– Volume overload
– Aortic valve stenosis (end stage)
– Aortic and mitral valve insufficiency (LV function is often normal or hyperdynamic